People living with HIV underestimate the harm of smoking


People with HIV in Denmark who smoke greatly underestimate the impact of smoking on life expectancy, a study of perceptions of life expectancy published this month in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes shows. Current smokers living with HIV, asked to estimate their life expectancy, anticipated their life expectancy to be 3.65 years lower than people with HIV who had never smoked. However, epidemiological research carried out in Denmark indicates that smoking reduces life expectancy by 12 years in people living with HIV.
In comparison, the overall estimation of life expectancy by people living with HIV was accurate. Danish research estimates that HIV infection will reduce life expectancy by five years compared to the general population. People living with HIV perceived their life expectancy to be almost four-and-a-half years shorter (4.26 years) than people in the general population asked to estimate their life expectancy. The study was carried out by researchers at the University of Copenhagen who have previously investigated changes in life expectancy in people living with HIV resulting from successful antiretroviral treatment. Using Denmark’s national cohort of people receiving HIV care, other researchers have looked at the impact of smoking on life expectancy in people living with HIV.
In this study, the University of Copenhagen researchers asked a cohort of 937 people living with HIV and 6147 age-matched controls from the general population what age they expected to live to, and analysed responses based on demographic and behavioural data gathered as part of larger cohort studies. The median age of participants was 51 years for people living with HIV and 53 years for the general population. The cohort was 88% male. Thirty per cent of people living with HIV were current smokers compared to 14% of the general population sample, and 35% of people living with HIV were former smokers compared to 38% of the general population.

People living with HIV expected to live to the age of 80.5 on average, while people in the general population expected to live to the age of 85.2 years (p < 0.0001). This differential is remarkably close to the difference in life expectancy estimated in one national cohort study carried out in Denmark, which projected a reduction of 5.1 years in life expectancy compared to the general population for people with HIV taking effective antiretroviral therapy. However, another study which looked at people living with HIV aged 50 and over, found that life expectancy for this group was almost nine years shorter than for the general population.
When asked about the effects of smoking, people living with HIV who smoked estimated that smoking would reduce life expectancy by 3.65 years and general population respondents estimated that it would reduce life expectancy by 4.36 years. Smokers with a longer history of smoking were likely to estimate that smoking had a greater negative impact on life expectancy, so that for every ten years of smoking 20 cigarettes a day, they cut their estimate of life expectancy by 0.69 years. Factors related to HIV disease such as current CD4 count, viral load, previous AIDS diagnosis or hepatitis C did not affect perceptions of life expectancy among people living with HIV. Multivariate analysis found that male sex and higher alcohol consumption were each independently associated with modestly lower self-perceived life expectancy. No education after high school was associated with a 1.76-year reduction in estimated life expectancy. HIV was associated with a 4.26-year reduction in estimated life expectancy.
The investigators speculate that the focus on HIV infection, both by healthcare providers and by people living with HIV, has shifted attention away from the harmful effects of smoking. “Disseminating knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking is a perquisite for an individual to make behavioural changes, and this study emphasizes the need for clinicians to communicate this knowledge to PLWH [people living with HIV],” the study authors conclude.
Reference
Ronit A et al. HIV status is a greater determinant of low self-perceived life expectancy than cigarette smoking in a well-resourced setting. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 79: 81-84, 2018.


Comments

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  3. Although therapy has become more tolerable and once daily FDC tables have made it easier to adhere to prescribed treatment, it still requires that patients take their medication regularly to achieve sustained viral suppression. When treatment adherence is inadequate and replication is therefore not suppressed, But dr itua promised and fulfilled his promised to me as he said I will share his work to people that are suffering from Infertility, Herpes, Hepatitis A/B, Fibroid, HIV/ Aids, Alzheimer's disease, Arthritis, Copd, Diabetes, Liver/Kidney Inflamotry, Fibromyalgia, Parkinson's disease, I have read a lot of testimony online from Jesus McKinney,Achima Abelard and Tara Omar on how dr itua heal them with his herbal medicine I contacted him on Email drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com then we talk on whatsapp +2348149277967 he gave me instruction on how to drink it for two weeks then after drinking it for two weeks I went for test then I find out I was cured of HIV, I thank him allot i also send him some money for appreciation, Contact this great herbal doctor if you are a sick person.

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  9. Herpes Cure Testimony
    I was diagnose with Genital Herpes for the past 2 years and I have been searching for cure. I have several outbreaks on my back and it really affected me morally, I read a testimony on this platform of a lady from Nevada who was cured from Diabetes with doctor Voke Herbal medicine including the doctor official email address. I contacted the doctor through his email, after much discussion and few questions he prepared the Herbal medicine and asked for my address which I received the Herbal medicine 3 days later and with his prescription I drank the Herbal medicine for 21 days. After concluding the herbal medicine I went for test and my IgG result was confirmed Negative with no trace of the virus on my blood. Contact doctor Voke and be cured his email; (doctorvoke@yahoo.com)
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  10. Its a pleasure for me to write this testimony about how i got my Genital Herpes simplex been reading so many comments of some people who were cured from various diseases by Dr ubarlo but i never believed them. I was hurt and depressed so I was too curious and wanted to try Dr ubarlo, then i contacted him through his email when i contact him, he assured me 100% that he will heal me, i pleaded with him to help me out. My treatment was a great success, he healed me just as he promised. he sent me his medication and ask me to go for check up after one weeks of taking the medication. i agreed with him i took this medication and went for check up a , to my greatest surprise my result was negative after the treatment, i am really happy that i am cured and healthy again. I have waited for 3weeks to be very sure i was completely healed before writing this testimony. I did another blood test one week ago and it was still Herpes negative. so i guess its time i recommend anyone going through Herpes HSV-1 or HSV-2, HIV, HPV, Hepatitis B, Diabetes, Cancer reach him through Email drubarlohome@gmail.com OR add on whatsapp +2348119508814

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  11. There are some natural remedies that can be used in the prevention and elimination of diabetes totally. However, the single most important aspect of a diabetes control plan is adopting a wholesome lifestyle Inner Peace, Nutritious and Healthy Diet, and Regular Physical Exercise. A state of inner peace and self-contentment is essential to enjoying a good physical health and overall well-being. The inner peace and self contentment is a just a state of mind.People with diabetes diseases often use complementary and alternative medicine. I was diagnosed with diabetes .It was at work and  feeling unusually tired and sleepy. I borrowed a cyclometer from a co-worker and tested at 760. Went immediately to my doctor and he gave me prescriptions like: Insulin ,Sulfonamides,Thiazolidinediones but Could not get the cure rather to reduce the pain but bring back the pain again. i found a woman testimony name Comfort online how Dr Akhigbe cure her HIV  and I also contacted the doctor and after I took his medication as instructed, I am now completely free from diabetes by doctor Akhigbe herbal medicine.So diabetes patients reading this testimony to contact his email     drrealakhigbe@gmail.com   or his Number   +234 802  501 2866   He also use his herbal herbs to diseases like:SPIDER BITE, SCHIZOPHRENIA, LUPUS,EXTERNAL INFECTION, COMMON COLD, JOINT PAIN, EPILEPSY,STROKE,TUBERCULOSIS ,STOMACH DISEASE. ECZEMA, GOUT, PROGENITOR, EATING DISORDER, LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION,  DIABETICS,HERPES,HIV/AIDS, ;ALS,  CANCER , TUMOR MENINGITIS,HEPATITIS A AND B,ASTHMA, HEART DISEASE, CHRONIC DISEASE. NAUSEA VOMITING OR DIARRHEA,KIDNEY DISEASE. HEARING  LOSSDr Akhigbe is a good man and he heal anybody that comes to him. here is email    drrealakhigbe@gmail.com    and his Number +234 901 075 4824

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  12. Powerful Herbal treatment is 100% guarantee.

    Hello everyone, I want to say a special thanks to Dr OGU. for helping me get cured from herpes virus 2019 , I contacted him base on the testimonies I saw about him on the internet I was diagnosed of HERPES Virus i have tried all I can to get cured but all to know avail, until i saw a post in a health forum about a herbal man who prepare herbal medication to cure all kind of diseases including HERPES virus, at first i doubted if it was real but decided to give it a try I was cured by his herbal medicine and natural herbs, kindly contact him today through his email: drogugusolutionhome@gmail.com or text/call: +1 (719) 629 0982

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    If you have any sickness like : H I V/AIDS , CANCER , HERPES HSV 1 or 2 , GENITAL WARTS, Yeast-infection's (HPV), and Hepatitis A, B. liver diseases , Diabetes, 1 or 2. , fibroids, Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Alzheimer’s, Trichomoniasis , Tuberculosis, CAD, Gonorrhea, Epilepsy, and Syphilis.

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  13. Natural herbs have cured so many illnesses that drugs and injections can't cure. I've seen the great importance of natural herbs and the wonderful work they have done in people's lives. I read people's testimonies online on how they were cured of Herpes, HPV HIV/AIDS & STDs, Diabetics , Gonorrhea, Hepatitis, Arthritis, Chronic pains. etc. by herbal medicine, so I decided to contact the doctor because I know nature has the power to heal anything. I was diagnosed with Herpes for the past years but Dr Chike cured me with his natural herbs and I referred my aunt and her husband to him immediately because they were both suffering from herpes but to God be the glory, they were cured too .I know it is hard to believe but I am a living testimony. There is no harm trying natural herbs. Contact Dr on Whats-App . +233502715551. text/call via: +1 (719) 629 0982 , or you can also contact through his Facebook Page @ Dr Chike Herbal Remedy.

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